Burning
I couldn't resist!
On my adventures around the interwebs, I've noticed the following:- "Humans aren't Calorimeters. Therefore calories are irrelevant to humans." While I agree with the first sentence, I don't agree with the second one.
Calorimeters burn (oxidise) foods at high temperatures with a flame using oxygen, which produces carbon dioxide, water (depending on what's being burned) and heat energy.
Humans burn (oxidise) foods at 37ºC with
enzymes ,
charge transporters etc using oxygen, which produces carbon dioxide, water (depending on what's being burned), mechanical energy and heat energy.
As both oxygen and carbon dioxide are gases, these can be measured by respiratory gas analysis to establish the rate of burning and what's being burned at any instant. See
It's all in a day's work (as measured in Joules). When resting, burning occurs at a rate of ~1kcal/minute and as it's measured while fasted,
~0.11g/min of fat is burned and ~0.01g/min of carbs is burned. Also note that a lot of mechanical energy can be produced, which can increase the rate of burning by a factor of seventeen.
In conclusion, humans burn (oxidise) foods, though not with a flame and they can produce mechanical energy in addition to heat energy. The rate of burning and what's being burned at any instant can be measured.
Storing
When we eat food, it's digested and absorbed. As a digested meal is absorbed, it appears in the blood as glucose, triglycerides and amino acids. These then disappear from the blood due to burning and storage. See
Extended effects of evening meal carbohydrate-to-fat ratio on fasting and postprandial substrate metabolism.
Figure 1 shows the effects of a 100g Oral Glucose load or a 40g Oral Fat load on blood glucose level over a period of 360 minutes. Note that subjects are resting during the 360 minutes. As the 100g Oral Glucose load produces a large blood insulin response (See Figure 2), fat-burning temporarily stops. Therefore, the ~1kcal/minute resting burning rate is derived from carbs. Therefore, the carb-burning rate is ~0.25g/min. At this rate, it would take ~400 minutes to burn 100g of glucose. However, it takes ~180 minutes for blood glucose level to fall from maximum to minimum. Therefore, some of the glucose from the Oral Glucose load is stored (mostly as glycogen in muscles and liver).
Figure 3B shows the effects of a 100g Oral Glucose load or a 40g Oral Fat load on blood triglyceride (fat) level over a period of 360 minutes. Note that subjects are resting during the 360 minutes. As the 40g Oral Fat load produces no significant blood insulin response (See Figure 2), fat-burning is unaffected. Therefore, the fat-burning rate is ~0.11g/min. At this rate, it would take ~364 minutes to burn 40g of fat. However, it takes 180 to 240 minutes for blood triglyceride (fat) level to fall from maximum to minimum.
Therefore, some of the fat from the Oral Fat load is stored (as fat in adipocytes) even though there is no significant blood insulin response.Therefore there are times when stuff is stored and there are other times when stuff is withdrawn from stores.
Recomposing
After doing intense exercise e.g. sprinting, resistance training with weights etc, muscles become very sensitive to insulin. Therefore, if intense exercise is done just before stuff is stored, stuff (amino acids and glucose) is preferentially stored in muscles rather than in adipocytes. This increases muscle mass relative to fat mass.
If non-intense exercise is done at times when stuff is withdrawn from stores, this maximises the amount of fat withdrawn from adipocytes and minimises the amount of stuff (amino acids) withdrawn from muscles. This decreases fat mass relative to muscle mass.
It's therefore possible to increase muscle mass at some times and decrease fat mass at other times while keeping overall mass relatively constant i.e.
it's possible to gain muscle and lose body-fat without being in an overall caloric deficit. See
Body Recomposition.
